Jenkins, Alejandro (2013). "Self-oscillation". Physics Reports. 525 (2): 167–222. arXiv: 1109.6640. Bibcode: 2013PhR...525..167J. doi: 10.1016/j.physrep.2012.10.007. S2CID 227438422. a b Pressman, David (2008). Nolo (ed.). Patent It Yourself (13, illustrated, reviseded.). Nolo. p.99. ISBN 978-1-4133-0854-9. A capillary action-based water pump functions using small ambient temperature gradients and vapour pressure differences. With the "Capillary Bowl", it was thought that the capillary action would keep the water flowing in the tube, but since the cohesion force that draws the liquid up the tube in the first place holds the droplet from releasing into the bowl, the flow is not perpetual. The Work-Energy Principle is wrong. OK, this isn't very likely. We have used this principle for a long time and it always works. It would be crazy to have a stupid wood-and-ball toy prove that energy isn't conserved.

Another theoretical machine involves a frictionless environment for motion. This involves the use of diamagnetic or electromagnetic levitation to float an object. This is done in a vacuum to eliminate air friction and friction from an axle. The levitated object is then free to rotate around its center of gravity without interference. However, this machine has no practical purpose because the rotated object cannot do any work as work requires the levitated object to cause motion in other objects, bringing friction into the problem. Furthermore, a perfect vacuum is an unattainable goal since both the container and the object itself would slowly vaporize, thereby degrading the vacuum. Patents Ex parte decision (O/044/06)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27 . Retrieved 2013-03-04.Perpetual motion, on season 8 , episode 2". Scientific American Frontiers. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1997–1998. PBS. Archived from the original on 2006-01-01. Harmor, Greg; Derek Abbott (2005). "The Feynman-Smoluchowski ratchet". Parrondo's Paradox Research Group. School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Univ. of Adelaide. Archived from the original on 2009-10-11 . Retrieved 2010-01-15. These laws of thermodynamics apply regardless of the size of the system. For example, the motions and rotations of celestial bodies such as planets may appear perpetual, but are actually subject to many processes that slowly dissipate their kinetic energy, such as solar wind, interstellar medium resistance, gravitational radiation and thermal radiation, so they will not keep moving forever. [6] [7] So, if you happen to be able to build one, you will need energy to start the motion. This is the only energy that you will be able to harvest, since, as stated previously, energy cannot be created. Kind of a pointless device, really. The output work power of heat engines is always smaller than the input heating power. The rest of the heat energy supplied is wasted as heat to the ambient surroundings. The thermal efficiency therefore has a maximum, given by the Carnot efficiency, which is always less than one.

The United Kingdom Patent Office has a specific practice on perpetual motion; Section 4.05 of the UKPO Manual of Patent Practice states: The machine should not have any "rubbing" parts: Any moving part must not touch other parts. This is because of friction that would be created between the two. This friction will ultimately cause the machine to lose its energy to heat. Making the surfaces smooth is not enough, as there is no perfectly smooth object. Heat will always be generated when two parts rub on each other (and that generation of heat is energy transference i.e, the motion machine losing energy). Tesla, N. (2018). The Problem of Increasing Human Energy: with Special References to the Harnessing of the Sun's Energy. Charles River Editors. ISBN 978-1-5080-1717-2 . Retrieved 2 April 2020. Parts, Form, and Content of Application - 608.03 Models, Exhibits, Specimens". Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (8ed.). August 2001.

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a b Angrist, Stanley (January 1968). "Perpetual Motion Machines". Scientific American. 218 (1): 115–122. Bibcode: 1968SciAm.218a.114A. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0168-114.

The drinking bird toy functions using small ambient temperature gradients and evaporation. It runs until all water is evaporated. Manual of Patent Practice, Section 4" (PDF). United Kingdom Patent Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-29 . Retrieved 2007-02-13. {{ cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help) Point, Sébastien. "Free energy: when the web is freewheeling". Skeptikal Inquirer, January–February 2018.In any case, the important thing to remember is that a true perpetual motion machine would be able to run at least that long. Here are the issues I encountered: The first was the marbles not releasing. This was fixed by adjusting the counter weight (moving it out) to provide more force. However, if you move it out too much, you will get too much force which will allow 2 marbles to fall out. I added the spring pin later which seemed to help. No pun intended but it really is a balancing act to fine tune this machine.

Place the axle with all the cams into the frame work, aligning the end of the axle with the motor shaft. When you rotate the axle the motor should turn. Take the longer of the two vertical panels and place the two side panels into it. There is a notch halfway down which should be secured tightly. It is easiest to align these first and then rotate the panel into place through the top two notches.

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Weisberg, J. M.; Nice, D. J.; Taylor, J. H. (2010). "Timing Measurements of the Relativistic Binary Pulsar PSR B1913+16". Astrophysical Journal. 722 (2): 1030–1034. arXiv: 1011.0718. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...722.1030W. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/722/2/1030. S2CID 118573183. With the exception of cases involving perpetual motion, a model is not ordinarily required by the Office to demonstrate the operability of a device. If operability of a device is questioned, the applicant must establish it to the satisfaction of the examiner, but he or she may choose his or her own way of so doing. [29]