El-Zein, Amira (2006). "Jinn". In Meri, J.F. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization – an Encyclopedia. New York, NY & Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp.420–421. The anglicized form genie is a borrowing of the French génie, also from the Latin genius. It first appeared [13] in 18th-century translations of the Thousand and One Nights from the French, [14] where it had been used owing to its rough similarity in sound and sense and further applies to benevolent intermediary spirits, in contrast to the malevolent spirits called ' demon' and 'heavenly angels', in literature. [15] In Assyrian art, creatures ontologically between humans and divinities are also called genie. [16] Although the term spirit is frequently used, it has been criticised for not capturing the corporeal nature of the jinn, and that the term genie should be used instead. [17] The Romans established orchards in North Africa to supply Mediterranean countries, and the groves soon spread from Libya to Morocco. European groves were set up, but they didn’t make it much past the collapse of the Roman Empire, When a revival of the trade began to take place in the 11th Century, it was Seville oranges that took hold. The sweet orange, in fact, played the part of bridesmaid to the Seville until the 15th Century, when Portuguese merchants delivered orange trees to the Mediterranean. The popularity of sweet oranges took hold and has remained steady ever since – in 2012 they accounted for 70% of global citrus production. The popularity of Japanese produce and the sheer deliciousness of yuzu means that it’s in hot demand. Less than a decade ago, Korea was struggling to keep up with the Japanese import market, but with the fruit now a “must have” in Western countries too, demand is far outstripping supply, driving the price up (and causing scraps in the supermarket aisle as and when it does land on these shores).

Gin Botanicals - Whitley Neill Gin

The Religion of the Crescent or Islam: Its Strength, Its Weakness, Its Origin, Its Influence, William St. Clair Tisdall, 1895 Haring, Lee. "Africa and the Disciplines: The Contributions of Research in Africa to the Social Sciences and Humanities." (1995): 122-124. A knife (to cut a circular hole in the bottom of you cone, so it can sit on top of your gin bottle) The jinn are believed to live in societies resembling those of humans, practicing religion (including Islam, Christianity and Judaism), having emotions, needing to eat and drink, and can procreate and raise families. Muslim jinn are usually thought to be benign, Christian and Jewish jinn indifferent unless angered, and pagan jinn evil. [78] Other common characteristics include fear of iron and wolves, [79] generally appearing in desolate or abandoned places, and being stronger and faster than humans. [42] Night is considered a particularly dangerous time, because the jinn would then leave their hiding places. [12] :15 Since the jinn share the earth with humans, Muslims are often cautious not to accidentally hurt an innocent jinn.Ruiz, Manuel. "The conception of authority in pre-Islamic Arabia: its legitimacy and origin." (1971). p. 20 Lebling, Robert (2010). Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and genies from Arabia to Zanzibar. New York, NY & London, UK: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-063-3. In the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra, entities similar to jinn were known as ginnayê, [20] :1–10 an Aramaic name which may be etymologically derived from the name of the genii from Roman mythology. [20] :1–10 Like jinn among modern-day Bedouin, ginnayê were thought to resemble humans. [20] :1–10 They protected caravans, cattle, and villages in the desert [20] :1–10 and tutelary shrines were kept in their honor. [20] :1–10 They were frequently invoked in pairs. [20] :1–10 Judaism [ edit ] The sheyd אַשְמְדּאָי ( Ašmodai) in bird-like form, with typical rooster feet, as depicted in Compendium rarissimum totius Artis Magicae 1775

Juniper (Juniperus communis) - British Trees - Woodland Trust Juniper (Juniperus communis) - British Trees - Woodland Trust

The lemon tree is small and straggling, reaching around 11 feet high, with irregular branches throughout. The fruit it spawns – of which there are said to be around 47 varieties – is an ovoid (what a word!) berry, smooth and yellow with an acid pulp. Since both creations must perform the required prayers ( salah), Muslim jurists debated if one is allowed to perform the prayer behind a jinni. Shibli cites two Hanbalite scholars who regard this as permissible without hesitation. Since Muhammad was sent to jinn and humans, both are mukallāf and subject to the command to pray. [d] The question on everyone lips is of course which came first – the fruit or the colour…? Well, the name ‘orange’ is thought to have originally been derived from the Sanskrit word, ‘Nāraṅgaḥ’ and the Telugu word ‘Naringa’, which after moving through different languages, ultimately became ‘orange’ in English. The colour was named after the fruit, and the first recorded use of orange as a colour name in English was in 1512. There you go, perfect bar bore knowledge to share around on a slow night…Using your knife, cut the circular shape out of the base of your polystyrene cone - you only need to cut between 1 to 2 inches deep to ensure that this will sit securely on top of your gin nozzle. Top tip: it’s better to have marked the circumference slightly smaller than to have it too big, to ensure the cone won’t move around. Adjust, and make bigger, as necessary. In fact, “Common Juniper” has one of the largest geographic range of any woody plant in the world. Occurring from Western Alaska throughout Canada and Northern USA, in coastal areas of Greenland, Iceland, throughout Europe and in Northern Asia and Japan. It was once widespread in Europe, except for some low-lying areas around the Mediterranean and it even occurs in small patches of North Africa. It’s amazing to think that juniper occurs at varying elevations and at its southernmost extent it has been recorded at altitudes of up to 3,500 metres. If this was a grape, wine makers would be going crazy over it. Given we all understand that soil, climate and growing conditions all affect grapes and that this has resulted in the term “terroir’ used to define wine regions, styles etc… why should it be so different in juniper bushes and as a result in gin? If you interested in this, an interesting Gin to seek out is Origin as it is available in 6 different varieties, where the juniper is the only thing to change as it has been selected from different terroirs. Hostility against Nasr Abu Zayd was sufficiently strong that even a police guard guarding his residence in Cairo referred to him as an unbeliever, telling Zayd's neighbors that [the guard] was there "because of the kafir". [76] Kolaynī, Abū Jaʿfar Moḥammad (1988). Ghaffārī, A. (ed.). Ketāb al-kāfī. Vol.1–8. Tehran, IR. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link) Despite being invisible, jinn are considered to have bodies ( ajsām). Zakariya al-Qazwini includes the jinn (angels, jinn, and devils all created from different parts of fire) among animals, along with humans, burdened beasts (like horses), cattles, wild beasts, birds, and finally insects and reptiles. [22] (p135) Jinn are further known as shapeshifters, often assuming the form of an animal, favoring the form of a snake. Other chthonic animals regarded as forms of jinn include scorpions and lizards. Both scorpions and serpents have been venerated in the ancient Near East. Some sources even speak of killed jinn leaving behind a carcass similar to either a serpent or a scorpion. [8] :91–93 When they shift into a human form however, they are said to stay partly animal and are not fully human. Individual jinn are thus often depicted as monstrous and anthropomorphized creatures with body parts from different animals or human with animal traits. [3] (p164) [8] (p164)

Juniper Trees (Juniperus communis) For Sale - Woodland Trust

Once distilled, lemon remains easily identifiable. The smell is initially reminiscent of candied lemon peel – the type that adorns sponge cakes in bake sales up and down the country. It grows in the nose, though, becoming zesty and crisp– as though someone had grated the fruit into the bottle. The taste is tart, but fresh and quite lovely, though it doesn’t linger. Gins where Lemon is noticeable to taste: The pink grapefruit was first discovered at Florida’s Atwood Grapefruit Co. in 1910. At the time, it was the largest grapefruit grove in the world with a yearly output of 80,000 boxes of fruit. The owner reacted to the discovery with nothing more than curiosity, saying that the fruit would be no more popular than an egg with a green yolk.

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The jinn are also mentioned in collections of canonical hadiths. According to the reports of the hadiths, the jinn eat like humans, but instead of fresh food, they prefer rotten flesh and bones. [8] (p51) [41] Another hadith advises to close doors and keep children close at night for the jinn go around and snatch things away. [20] One hadith divides them into three groups, with one type of jinn flying through the air; another that are snakes and dogs; and a third that moves from place to place like human. [42] This account parallels the jinn to humans, similar to the Quran, as another hadith divides humans into three groups, with one kind which is like four-legged beast, who are said to remain ignorant of God's message; a second one which is under the protection of God; and a last one with the body of a human, but the soul of a devil ( shaitan). [43] Bullard,A.(2022).Spiritual and Mental Health Crisis in Globalizing Senegal: A History of Transcultural Psychiatry.USA:Taylor & Francis. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Nünlist, Tobias (2015). Dämonenglaube im Islam[ Demonic Belief in Islam] (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-110-33168-4. Lane, Edward William. "An Arabic-English Lexicon". Archived from the original on 8 April 2015. . p. 462. The jinn are of pre-Islamic Arabian origin. Since the Quran affirms their existence, when Islam spread outside of Arabia jinn belief was adopted by later Islamic culture. [39] The Quran reduced the status of the jinn from that of tutelary deities to something parallel to humans, subject to the judgement of the supreme deity of Islam. By that, the jinn were considered a third class of invisible beings, not consequently equated with devils, [8] (p52) and Islam was able to integrate local beliefs about spirits and deities from Iran, Africa, Turkey and India, into a monotheistic framework. [77] Although in theory, little tradition ( folklore) and greater tradition (official Islam) are distinct, in reality they are the same beliefs. [h] Such dichotomy is only useful for research purposes.