Pinkerton, H.; Bagdassarov, N. (2004). "Transient phenomena in vesicular lava flows based on laboratory experiments with analogue materials". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 132 (2–3): 115–136. Bibcode: 2004JVGR..132..115B. doi: 10.1016/s0377-0273(03)00341-x.

Basalt - Wikipedia Basalt - Wikipedia

Carbonatite and natrocarbonatite lavas are known from Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano in Tanzania, which is the sole example of an active carbonatite volcano. [31] Carbonatites in the geologic record are typically 75% carbonate minerals, with lesser amounts of silica-undersaturated silicate minerals (such as micas and olivine), apatite, magnetite, and pyrochlore. This may not reflect the original composition of the lava, which may have included sodium carbonate that was subsequently removed by hydrothermal activity, though laboratory experiments show that a calcite-rich magma is possible. Carbonatite lavas show stable isotope ratios indicating they are derived from the highly alkaline silicic lavas with which they are always associated, probably by separation of an immiscible phase. [32] Natrocarbonatite lavas of Ol Doinyo Lengai are composed mostly of sodium carbonate, with about half as much calcium carbonate and half again as much potassium carbonate, and minor amounts of halides, fluorides, and sulphates. The lavas are extremely fluid, with viscosities only slightly greater than water, and are very cool, with measured temperatures of 491 to 544°C (916 to 1,011°F). [33] a b Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). Petrology: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic (2nded.). New York: W.H. Freeman. p.185. ISBN 0-7167-2438-3.Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Volcano Watch newsletter article on Nyiragongo eruptions, 31 January 2002 Battaglia, Steven M. (March 2019). A Jökulhlaup-like Model for Secondary Sulfur Flows on Io (PDF). 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 18–22 March 2019. The Woodlands, Texas. Bibcode: 2019LPI....50.1189B. LPI Contribution No. 1189. Join us for a special webinar focusing on our cutting-edge sea floor mapping research and an exciting new project exploring the deepest reaches of the world’s oceans.

Rock types - The Earth and atmosphere - KS3 Chemistry - BBC Rock types - The Earth and atmosphere - KS3 Chemistry - BBC

a b c Guijón, R.; Henríquez, F.; Naranjo, J.A. (2011). "Geological, Geographical and Legal Considerations for the Conservation of Unique Iron Oxide and Sulphur Flows at El Laco and Lastarria Volcanic Complexes, Central Andes, Northern Chile". Geoheritage. 3 (4): 99–315. doi: 10.1007/s12371-011-0045-x. S2CID 129179725. Yıldırım, Mücahit (January 2020). "Shading in the outdoor environments of climate-friendly hot and dry historical streets: The passageways of Sanliurfa, Turkey". Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 80: 106318. doi: 10.1016/j.eiar.2019.106318. A new, third level of content, designed specially to meet the advanced needs of the sophisticated scholar. The majority of tholeiitic basalts are formed at approximately 50–100km depth within the mantle. Many alkali basalts may be formed at greater depths, perhaps as deep as 150–200km. [50] [51] The origin of high-alumina basalt continues to be controversial, with disagreement over whether it is a primary melt or derived from other basalt types by fractionation. [52] :65 Geochemistry Roobaert, Arlette (1996). "A Neo-Assyrian Statue from Til Barsib". Iraq. 58: 79–87. doi: 10.2307/4200420. JSTOR 4200420.

Fresh lava is very hot. It can reach temperatures as high as 2,200° F (1,200° C). It glows red hot to white hot as it flows. Some lavas are liquid enough to flow downhill at 35 miles (55 kilometers) per hour. Others move at the rate of only inches per day. The speed of the flow depends on the temperature and composition of the lava.

Igneous rock - Wikipedia Igneous rock - Wikipedia

Thomas, Pierre (23 June 2008). "Église et gendarmerie envahies mais non détruites par la coulée d'avril 1977 de Piton Sainte Rose, île de La Réunion". Planet Terre (in French). ENS de Lyon . Retrieved 26 May 2018. Silicate lavas are molten mixtures dominated by oxygen and silicon, the most abundant elements of the Earth's crust, with smaller quantities of aluminium, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, and potassium and minor amounts of many other elements. [6] Petrologists routinely express the composition of a silicate lava in terms of the weight or molar mass fraction of the oxides of the major elements (other than oxygen) present in the lava. [9]Peterson, Donald W.; Tilling, Robert I. (May 1980). "Transition of basaltic lava from pahoehoe to aa, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Field observations and key factors". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 7 (3–4): 271–293. Bibcode: 1980JVGR....7..271P. doi: 10.1016/0377-0273(80)90033-5. Felsic magmas can erupt at temperatures as low as 800°C (1,470°F). [16] Unusually hot (>950 °C; >1,740 °F) rhyolite lavas, however, may flow for distances of many tens of kilometres, such as in the Snake River Plain of the northwestern United States. [17] Intermediate lava Bevier, Mary Lou (1 April 1983). "Regional stratigraphy and age of Chilcotin Group basalts, south-central British Columbia". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 20 (4): 515–524. Bibcode: 1983CaJES..20..515B. doi: 10.1139/e83-049.