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Adams, Simon (2008). "Dudley, Robert, earl of Leicester (1532/3–1588)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (onlineed.). Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/ref:odnb/8160. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) The period after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 brought new difficulties for Elizabeth that lasted until the end of her reign. [141] The conflicts with Spain and in Ireland dragged on, the tax burden grew heavier, and the economy was hit by poor harvests and the cost of war. Prices rose and the standard of living fell. [172] [173] [141] During this time, repression of Catholics intensified, and Elizabeth authorised commissions in 1591 to interrogate and monitor Catholic householders. [174] To maintain the illusion of peace and prosperity, she increasingly relied on internal spies and propaganda. [172] In her last years, mounting criticism reflected a decline in the public's affection for her. [p] [q] Lord Essex was a favourite of Elizabeth I despite his petulance and irresponsibility. Her early years as Queen were spent traveling to many places. In 1953, the Queen and Prince Philip began an around the world tour in the Royal Yacht, Britannia. Their tour went for six months. She was the first reigning monarch to visit Australia, New Zealand and Fiji. The picture of Elizabeth painted by her Protestant admirers of the early 17th century has proved lasting and influential. [217] Her memory was also revived during the Napoleonic Wars, when the nation again found itself on the brink of invasion. [218] In the Victorian era, the Elizabethan legend was adapted to the imperial ideology of the day, [211] [w] and in the mid-20th century, Elizabeth was a romantic symbol of the national resistance to foreign threat. [219] [x] Historians of that period, such as J. E. Neale (1934) and A. L. Rowse (1950), interpreted Elizabeth's reign as a golden age of progress. [220] Neale and Rowse also idealised the Queen personally: she always did everything right; her more unpleasant traits were ignored or explained as signs of stress. [221] Elizabeth's foreign policy was largely defensive. The exception was the English occupation of Le Havre from October 1562 to June 1563, which ended in failure when Elizabeth's Huguenot allies joined with the Catholics to retake the port. Elizabeth's intention had been to exchange Le Havre for Calais, lost to France in January 1558. [121] Only through the activities of her fleets did Elizabeth pursue an aggressive policy. This paid off in the war against Spain, 80% of which was fought at sea. [122] She knighted Francis Drake after his circumnavigation of the globe from 1577 to 1580, and he won fame for his raids on Spanish ports and fleets. An element of piracy and self-enrichment drove Elizabethan seafarers, over whom the queen had little control. [123] [124] Netherlands Elizabeth receiving Dutch ambassadors, 1560s, attributed to Levina Teerlinc

It was fortunate that ten out of twenty-six bishoprics were vacant, for of late there had been a high rate of mortality among the episcopate, and a fever had conveniently carried off Mary's Archbishop of Canterbury, Reginald Pole, less than twenty-four hours after her own death". [56]

Westminster was surcharged with multitudes of all sorts of people in their streets, houses, windows, leads and gutters, that came out to see the obsequy, and when they beheld her statue lying upon the coffin, there was such a general sighing, groaning and weeping as the like hath not been seen or known in the memory of man. [208] Association, Press (2017-11-20). "Queen and Prince Philip portraits released to mark 70th anniversary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2017-12-06. a b c "British History Online: Simancas: June 1587, 16-30". Archived from the original on 27 September 2020 . Retrieved 1 August 2020. Rozett, Martha (2003). Constructing a World: Shakespeare's England and the New Historical Fiction. State University of New York Press. p.129. ISBN 978-0-7914-5551-7. James VI of Scotland was a great-great-grandson of Henry VII of England, and thus Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed, since Henry VII was Elizabeth's paternal grandfather.

Haynes, Alan (1987), The White Bear: The Elizabethan Earl of Leicester, Peter Owen, ISBN 978-0-7206-0672-0 . The Queen regularly went to church wherever she was: at St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, St. Mary Magdalene Church at Sandringham House, Crathie Kirk at Balmoral Castle, and Canongate Kirk in Edinburgh, when she stayed there in Holyroodhouse, her official home in Scotland. Toward the end of her life, she left more duties to the younger members of the Royal Family, particularly to Prince Charles, who will become King when she dies. During the last years of her reign, Elizabeth came to rely on the granting of monopolies as a cost-free system of patronage, rather than asking Parliament for more subsidies in a time of war. [r] The practice soon led to price-fixing, the enrichment of courtiers at the public's expense, and widespread resentment. [185] This culminated in agitation in the House of Commons during the parliament of 1601. [186] In her famous " Golden Speech" of 30 November 1601 at Whitehall Palace to a deputation of 140 members, Elizabeth professed ignorance of the abuses, and won the members over with promises and her usual appeal to the emotions: [187] When no invasion came, the nation rejoiced. Elizabeth's procession to a thanksgiving service at St Paul's Cathedral rivalled that of her coronation as a spectacle. [139] The defeat of the armada was a potent propaganda victory, both for Elizabeth and for Protestant England. The English took their delivery as a symbol of God's favour and of the nation's inviolability under a virgin queen. [122] However, the victory was not a turning point in the war, which continued and often favoured Spain. [141] The Spanish still controlled the southern provinces of the Netherlands, and the threat of invasion remained. [136] Walter Raleigh claimed after her death that Elizabeth's caution had impeded the war against Spain:In 1947, Elizabeth married Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who died in 2021. Elizabeth and Philip had four children, eight grandchildren and 12 great-grandchildren. She died on 8 September 2022 at the age of 97, and was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III. [3] [4] Early life [ change | change source ] BBC – History – Elizabeth I: An Overview". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020 . Retrieved 15 November 2020.