Bergamot essential oils are extracted from the peel, which is then used for a range of different commercial and at-home purposes. These include perfumes and colognes, soap-making, aromatherapy, and more. 8

BP was also capable to inhibit the viability of A549 and NCI-H460 non-small-cell lung cancer cells [ 52]. The treatment with BP induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a process mediated by the activation of the p53 pathway. In another study, it was revealed that BP and xanthotoxin reduced the binding of daunorubicin, mitoxantrone, and cisplatin to ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and restrained their movement out of the cells. The authors suggest that these coumarins can be used as a combination treatment for malignant cancers [ 6]. 4.5. Antiosteoporosis When applied topically, bergamot oil should be diluted with a cold-pressed carrier oil that ideally contains no more than 0.4% bergamot due to its potential side effects. 20 Inhaling bergamot oil can stimulate the brain to exert neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin and dopamine), which helps regulate mood. Giuseppina Mandalari performed the literature review and wrote the manuscript; Carlo Bisignano, Santa Cirmi and Michele Navarra assisted in the literature review and manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding Either put a few drops of bergamot oil in a diffuser and breathe in the scent or rub some on your chest, providing it’s been blended with a carrier oil first. As is the case with all essential oils, never apply neat bergamot oil to your skin because it can cause adverse reactions.

A number of studies have investigated the effect of plant extracts against urease activity [ 84, 85]. It is believed that the urease secreted by H. pylori is a crucial enzyme able to protect the bacteria within the acidic environment of the human stomach. The Iranian Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus aurantium extracts revealed a strong urease inhibitory activity, with IC 50 values of 432 and 465 μg/mL [ 84, 85]. A 2019 study in the Open Food Source Journal reported that bergamot oil can neutralise the common bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, at concentrations of 27 micrograms per millilitres. Girard J, Unkovic J, Delahayes J, Lafille C (1979). "Phototoxicity of Bergamot oil. Comparison between humans and guinea pigs". Dermatologica (in French). 158 (4): 229–43. doi: 10.1159/000250763. PMID 428611. It has a citrusy, zesty aroma that features in lots of fragrances and can possibly help lift your spirits. Rozza et al. [ 75] have reported on the gastroprotective mechanisms of Citrus lemon essential oil and its major compounds limonene and β-pinene and their activity in vitro against H. pylori ATCC 43504: results showed a gastroprotective effect of Citrus lemon and limonene with MIC values of 125 and 75 μg/mL, respectively. The role of β-myrcene, a minor constituent of essential oil from Citrus aurantium, in preventing peptic ulcer disease has been evaluated: results showed β-mircene was an effective inhibitor of gastric and duodenal ulcers through an increase in the levels of gastric mucosa defence factors [ 76]. Hesperetin-7- O-glucoside, produced by fungal enzymatic conversion of Citrus hesperidin, was active in vitro against H. pylori, also inhibiting human intestinal maltase and HMG-CoA reductase [ 77]. Other biologically active derivatives from Citrus fruits, such as 4′-geranyloxyferulic acid and boropinic acid, as well as sudachitin and 3′-demethoxysudachitin, were found active against H. pylori in vitro [ 78, 79].

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. Conflicts of Interest A recent study investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of BP in different mouse models of inflammation [ 4]. Inflammation induced by intraplantar administration of formalin or carrageenan and intraperitoneal administration of acetic acid was significantly reversed by BP (10 mg/kg i.p.). BP also reduced the levels of circulating TNF- α and IL-6 and the expression of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), COX-2, and inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) in the spinal cord.

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Urbach, F (1959). "Modification of ultraviolet carcinogenesis by photoactive agents". J Invest Dermatol. 32 (2, Part 2): 373–378. doi: 10.1038/jid.1959.63. PMID 13641813. The acclimatization of the rats was performed for 2 h on the day of the experiment. The animals were subjected to habituation. Random experimental groups were formed. The rats underwent intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of BEO (500 µL/kg) [ 10, 11, 21] or jojoba oil [ 14– 16, 21]. I.p. of FLZ (3 mg/kg), reverting BDZ effects in OFT [ 25, 26], or its vehicle (tween in saline solution) was administered as pretreatment 15 minutes earlier. After thirty minutes, behavioural effects were evaluated by using the OF test [ 27]. This experimental protocol is conformed to literature data where pretreatment with FLZ reverts behavioural effects of different natural products in OFT in rodents [ 25, 26]. The name ‘bergamot’ covers a couple of different plants. We’re probably most familiar with the bergamot citrus fruit (citrus bergamia to give it its official name), which is often used in flavouring and perfumes. 2

Scientists have found that bergamot might protect the joints in people taking aromatase inhibitors as part of cancer treatment. More research is needed. In another paper, a phototoxic reaction was observed after photo-addition of BP to DNA which was followed by enhanced human skin pigmentation that safeguards the epidermal cell DNA against further exposure to UV light [ 35] (Forlot, 2012 #23). Another study reported the phototoxic effects after exposure of albino guinea pig skin to furocoumarins, namely, oxypeucedanin and BP, present in lemon oil and UV irradiation (320-400 nm) [ 42]. The phototoxic potency of oxypeucedanin was merely one-quarter of that of BP.It is known that Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric carcinoma. Due to the increased side effects of the treatment regimens and the development of antimicrobial resistance, a number of natural compounds have been tested as potential alternatives. In this review, we will examine the current knowledge on the effect of Citrus fruits and their derivatives against H. pylori, highlighting the remaining outstanding questions on the development of novel therapeutic strategies. 1. Introduction

When used in aromatherapy, bergamot oil has been found to trigger the release of dopamine and serotonin in the brain, key hormones that regulate mood. During World War II, Italy was unable to export to countries such as the Allied powers. Rival products from Brazil and Mexico came onto the market as a substitute, but these were produced from other citrus fruits such as sweet lime. [15] Uses [ edit ] Tea and other uses [ edit ] Bergamot marmaladeBoard, Niir (2011). "Oil of Bergamot." The Complete Technology Book of Essential Oils (Aromatic Chemicals). p. 75. ISBN 978-81-7833-066-2. Prepare a solution for your skin. Combine 1 teaspoon of a carrier oil — like a vegetable or nut oil — with three drops of essential oil. You can also use water, but it may not dissolve as well. As well as being used to make delicious tea and flavour a wide range of food, the bergamot fruit has a number of reported benefits and uses. The autonomic nervous system includes sympathetic activity and parasympathetic activity. When people feel anxious or experience stress, heart rate, and sympathetic activity will increase, together with decreasing parasympathetic activity. Narita et al. found that there were higher sympathetic activities for depressed and anxious subjects than for normal subjects [ 11]. Similar results were also shown on swimmers [ 12]. Autonomic nervous system activities can be monitored from heart rate variability, which was derived from heartbeat interval time series. With further discrete Fourier transform applied to the heartbeat interval time series, two specific power spectrum ranges were defined. One is low frequency range (LF, 0.04–0.15 Hz) and the other is high frequency range (HF, 0.15–0.4 Hz). Note - bergamot oil contains the highest concentration of bergapten of any essential oil. It’s so phototoxic oil that soaking in a bath with a few drops may trigger photosensitivity. To prevent this from happening, carry out a patch test to see how your skin responds to it. 21 Takeaway