Carpenter, K. (2001). "Chapter 21: Phylogenetic Analysis of the Ankylosauria". In Carpenter, K. (ed.). The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press. pp.454–83. ISBN 978-0-253-33964-5. Sosa, J.L. (2015, June 12) ‘I Was a Failed Gallimimus’: Jurassic Park Through The Eyes of One of Its Magic Creators. Retrieved http://filmschoolrejects.com/features/jurassic-park-tyruben-ellingson.php Parasaurolophus was one of the many dinosaurs created by InGen on Isla Sorna for Jurassic Park that later went wild. It is presumed that most of the clones history was the same as the first three films. One Parasaurolophus was known to have had green and blue scales and was apparently nocturnal. [15] Fossils of Ankylosaurus are rare in the sediments it is known from, and the distribution of its remains suggests that it was ecologically rare, or restricted to the uplands of the formations, where it would have been less likely to fossilize, rather than the coastal lowlands. Another ankylosaur, a nodosaur referred to as Edmontonia sp., is also found in the same formations, but according to Carpenter, the range of the two genera does not seem to have overlapped. Their remains have so far not been found in the same localities, and the nodosaur appears to have inhabited the lowlands. The narrower muzzle of the nodosaur suggests it had a more selective diet than Ankylosaurus, further indicating ecological separation, whether their range overlapped or not. [12] [10]

Haas, G. (1969). "On the jaw musculature of ankylosaurs". American Museum Novitates (2399): 1–11. hdl: 2246/2609.

Notable Individuals

Fossils of Ankylosaurus teeth exhibit wear on the face of the crown rather than on the tip of the crown, as in nodosaurid ankylosaurs. [10] In 1982 Carpenter ascribed to baby Ankylosaurus two very small teeth that originate from the Lance and Hell Creek Formations and measure 3.2 to 3.3mm ( 1⁄ 8 to 17⁄ 128in) in length, respectively. The smaller tooth is heavily worn, leading Carpenter to suggest that ankylosaurids in general or at least the young did not swallow their food whole but employed some sort of chewing. [16] Since adult Ankylosaurus did little chewing of its food, it would have spent less time in the day foraging than an elephant. [12] Based on the broadness of the ribcage, the digestion of unchewed food may have been facilitated by hindgut fermentation like in modern herbivorous lizards, which have several chambers in their enlarged colon. [10] Skull of specimen CMN 8880, the largest-known ankylosaurid, including lower jaw (E–F) and tooth (G) https://jurassicpark.fandom.com/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_(1).oga Behind the scenes [ ] Ankylosaurus was a low browsing generalist herbivore, perhaps more likely to eat fruit than earlier ankylosaurids. Niche partitioning ensured it wouldn't have competition issues with other herbivores. [7] Behind the scenes The retracted position of the nostrils of Ankylosaurus were compared to those of fossorial (digging) worm lizards and blind snakes by Arbour and Mallon in 2017, and though it was probably not a burrowing animal, the snout of Ankylosaurus may indicate earth-moving behavior. These factors, as well as the low rate of tooth formation in ankylosaurs compared to other ornithischians, indicate that Ankylosaurus may have been omnivorous (eating both plant and animal matter). It may also (or alternatively) have dug in the ground for roots and tubers. [12] A 2023 study by paleontologist Antonio Ballell and colleagues found that North American ankylosaurids from the latest Cretaceous (including Ankylosaurus) had jaws with low mechanical advantage, whereas those of earlier relatives were high to moderate. These late ankylosaurids also had tooth occlusion and complex biphasal jaw mechanisms, features shared with some Late Cretaceous nodosaurids, but those instead have jaws with high mechanical advantage. This indicates that while the two groups converged in some features, the nodosaurs had higher relative bite force, which suggests diverging jaw mechanics and dietary partitioning between the two. [26] Airspaces and senses [ edit ] Diagram showing nasal chambers inside the snout (holotype)

Arbour, V.M.; Currie, P.J.; Badamgarav, D. (2014). "The ankylosaurid dinosaurs of the Upper Cretaceous Baruungoyot and Nemegt formations of Mongolia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 172 (3): 631–652. doi: 10.1111/zoj.12185. Lofgren, D. F. (1997). "Hell Creek Formation". In Currie, P.J.; Padian, K. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press. pp.302–03. ISBN 978-0-12-226810-6. Since basic stats of creatures may be re-balanced when required, this small discrepancy is better during wiki updates than having incorrect information from previous builds. Burns, M; Tumanova, T; Currie, P (2015). "Postcrania of juvenile Pinacosaurus grangeri (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Alagteeg Formation, Alag Teeg, Mongolia: implications for ontogenetic allometry in ankylosaurs". Journal of Paleontology. 89 (1): 168–182. Bibcode: 2015JPal...89..168B. doi: 10.1017/jpa.2014.14. S2CID 130610291.Osborn, H. F. (1905). "Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs". Bulletin of the AMNH. 21 (14): 259–265. hdl: 2246/1464. InGen eventually used Ankylosaurus for Masrani Global Corporation's new dinosaur zoo Jurassic World on Isla Nublar. The Ankylosaurs could be viewed in the Gyrosphere attraction, as shown in Jurassic World: Camp Cretaceous. Originally, the stamped scene in Jurassic Park III was to feature solely Parasaurolophus with their model reused from The Lost World: Jurassic Park, but Corythosaurus was added to the stamped when director Joe Johnston and visual effects supervisor Jim Mitchell felt there needed to be more variety. The Corythosaurus was created from the Parasaurolophus model from The Lost World: Jurassic Park. [39] The Parasaurolophus from the film received a new color scheme. Parasaurolophus was created by InGen [4] in their compound [5] on Isla Sorna where they spent their early lives being raised by the workers there. [3] [5]

a b Coombs, W. (1990). "Teeth and taxonomy in ankylosaurs". In Carpenter, K.; Currie, P. J. (eds.). Dinosaur systematics: Approaches and perspectives. Cambridge University Press. pp.269–79. ISBN 978-0-521-43810-0.The endorsement team saw a herd of Parasaurolophus at the Watering Hole of the Brachiosaurus Enclosure once they arrived on Isla Nublar. [4] It is unknown what happened to the Parasaurolophus populations on Isla Nublar after the Jurassic Park incident. The tail club of Ankylosaurus seems to have been an active defensive weapon, capable of producing enough of an impact to break the bones of an assailant. The tendons of the tail were partially ossified and were not very elastic, allowing great force to be transmitted to the club when it was used as a weapon. [10] Coombs suggested in 1979 that several hindlimb muscles would have controlled the swinging of the tail, and that violent thrusts of the club would have been able to break the metatarsal bones of large theropods. [30] Restoration of Ankylosaurus displaying its tail club Hill, R. V.; D'Emic, M. D.; Bever, G. S.; Norell, M. A. (2015). "A complex hyobranchial apparatus in a Cretaceous dinosaur and the antiquity of avian paraglossalia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 175 (4): 892–909. doi: 10.1111/zoj.12293. In 1906, an American Museum of Natural History expedition led by American paleontologist Barnum Brown discovered the type specimen of Ankylosaurus magniventris (AMNH 5895) in the Hell Creek Formation, near Gilbert Creek, Montana. The specimen (found by collector Peter Kaisen) consisted of the upper part of a skull, two teeth, part of the shoulder girdle, cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae, ribs, and more than thirty osteoderms (armor plates). Brown scientifically described the animal in 1908; the generic name is derived from the Greek words αγκυλος ankulos ('bent' or 'crooked'), referring to the medical term ankylosis, the stiffness produced by the fusion of bones in the skull and body, and σαυρος sauros ('lizard'). The name can be translated as "fused lizard", "stiff lizard", or "curved lizard". The type species name, magniventris, is derived from the Latin: magnus ('great') and Latin: venter ('belly'), referring to the great width of the animal's body. [2] [3] [4] 1908 skeletal reconstruction of the holotype, with missing parts restored after Stegosaurus

Frontier Developments. (October 8, 2017). First In-Game Footage - Jurassic World Evolution [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved October 26, 2019. a b c Brown, B. (1908). "The Ankylosauridae, a new family of armored dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 24: 187–201. hdl: 2246/1435. Waxman, Olivia B. (2018). "The real scientific history behind the Jurassic Park dinosaurs". Time . Retrieved August 29, 2023.Creisler, B. (July 7, 2003). "Dinosauria Translation and Pronunciation Guide A". Archived from the original on August 18, 2010 . Retrieved September 3, 2010. a b Weishampel, D. B.; Barrett, P. M.; Coria, R. A.; Le Loeuff, J.; Xu X.; Zhao X.; Sahni, A.; Gomani, E. M. P.; Noto, C. R. (2004). "Dinosaur Distribution". In Weishampel, D. B.; Dodson, P.; Osmolska, H.. (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd). University of California Press. pp.517–606. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8. Parasaurolophus was one of the many dinosaurs that lived as an attraction for Masrani Global Corporation's Jurassic World. They lived in the Gyrosphere Valley, Cretaceous Cruise, Gentle Giants Petting Zoo, [7] and the Gallimimus Valley. [12]