R. M. Cornell and U. Schwertmann, The iron oxides : structure, properties, reactions, occurrences, and uses, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, New York, 2nd, completely rev. and extended edn, 2003 Search PubMed . X. W. Xu, C. Chen, P. Wang, R. Kretzschmar and F. J. Zhao, Control of arsenic mobilization in paddy soils by manganese and iron oxides, Environ. Pollut., 2017, 231, 37–47 CrossRef CAS PubMed .

M. H. Bradbury and B. Baeyens, Modelling the sorption of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Eu(III), Am(III), Sn(IV),Th(IV), Np(V) and U(VI) on montmorillonite: Linear free energy relationships and estimates of surface binding constants for some selected heavy metals and actinides, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2005, 69, 875–892 CrossRef CAS . Please note that these classify as an ‘add-on’ product; it is not a stand-alone game. This item contains the high-quality counters, alone. S. Sengupta, P. K. Mukherjee, T. Pal and S. Shome, Nature and origin of arsenic carriers in shallow aquifer sediments of Bengal Delta, India, Environ. Geol., 2004, 45, 1071–1081 CrossRef CAS . T. B. Hofstetter, R. P. Schwarzenbach and S. B. Haderlein, Reactivity of Fe(II) species associated with clay minerals, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2003, 37, 519–528 CrossRef CAS PubMed . G. Ona-Nguema, G. Morin, F. Juillot, G. Calas and G. E. Brown, EXAFS analysis of arsenite adsorption onto two-line ferrihydrite, hematite, goethite, and lepidocrocite, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005, 39, 9147–9155 CrossRef CAS PubMed .A. N. Starcher, W. Li, R. K. Kukkadapu, E. J. Elzinga and D. L. Sparks, Fe(II) sorption on pyrophyllite: Effect of structural Fe(III) (impurity) in pyrophyllite on nature of layered double hydroxide (LDH) secondary mineral formation, Chem. Geol., 2016, 439, 152–160 CrossRef CAS . Fig. 3 77 K Mössbauer spectra and fits of high Fe-loading solid samples. Syn-1 (1 g L −1) was reacted with 0.5 mM Fe 2+ (enriched in 57Fe) at pH ∼7 or ∼8 under anoxic conditions during 1 day (a and b). Anoxic samples were subsequently exposed to air for 1 day (c and d). Displayed pH values correspond to the pH measured at the end of the equilibration period for each sample. In all graphs, symbols represent data and red lines the model fits. Corresponding fitting parameters are summarized in Table S6. † The Fe( II) doublet is represented as green area and the Fe( III) doublet as orange area. To investigate the sorption mechanism of Fe 2+ to Syn-1 by XAS further, an additional set of samples was prepared at pH 7 or 8 under anoxic conditions containing 5 g L −1 clay, 0.25 or 2.5 mM Fe 2+, and 50 mM CaCl 2. The high CaCl 2 concentration and pH values were selected to focus on sorption processes on edge surfaces, which are expected to dominate under these conditions. Furthermore, at pH < 8 the dissolved Fe 2+ concentrations in the suspensions were always below saturation with respect to Fe(OH) 2 (Table S1 †). Subramaniam, Anand Bala; Wan, Jiandi; Gopinath, Arvind; Stone, Howard A. (2011). "Semi-permeable vesicles composed of natural clay". Soft Matter. 7 (6): 2600–2612. arXiv: 1011.4711. Bibcode: 2011SMat....7.2600S. doi: 10.1039/c0sm01354d. S2CID 52253528.

I am a board game player. I am also now the self-appointed family curator of a fairly decent sized collection of games. When budget allows for new cardboard recruits, my default is to seek out a new full game. Sometimes it flexes to admit an expansion to a beloved shelf-veteran. But when I saw the Iron Clays, all rules went out of the window. They went straight onto our shared Christmas wish list! Iron Maidens Previous studies have also investigated the sorption of Fe 2+ to different clay minerals at various Fe-loadings. 14,30 Collectively, the literature results suggested that depending on the Fe-loading, various Fe( II)- and Fe( III)-containing solids formed. At high Fe-loadings (0.53–2 mol Fe per kg) the formed secondary phases were predominantly Fe( II)-containing phases. 19,21 At low Fe-loadings (0.002–0.08 mol Fe per kg) mainly Fe( III)-containing phases were observed. 30,67 Our current study are in agreement with these results. The formation of an LDH phase with Fe in the octahedral sheet was observed for high Fe-loading anoxic sorption samples as shown by Jones et al. 19 Contrary, in the study by Zhu et al. 21 no Fe 2+ oxidation was observed during sorption of Fe 2+ onto Syn-1 and the formation of FeAl-LDH was suggested as the main solid phase forming. However, sorption experiments in the study by Zhu et al. were performed in an atmosphere with 5% H 2 and 95% N 2. Such elevated H 2 concentration are expected to disable H + to oxidize Fe 2+ ( cf. Fig. S2 †) and to suppress the formation of green rust as the main secondary phase. In our low Fe-loading samples, over half of Fe( II) was oxidized to Fe( III), from which a large fraction was incorporated into newly formed clay minerals. This result shows that clay minerals can play an important role in the mobility of Fe 2+ under anoxic conditions. Effects of aeration of anoxic sorption samples on Fe speciation To understand the effects of O 2-exposure on the speciation of Fe in clay suspensions (Syn-1) that were anoxically equilibrated for 1 or 30 days with Fe 2+, the anoxic suspensions were exposed to ambient air for 24 hours. Aeration resulted in a further increase in percent Fe sorption (see Fig. 4a, b and Table S2 †), despite a drop in suspension pH (between 0.8 and 3.1 pH values) as a result of hydrolysis of Fe 3+ (Table S3 †). Due to the high O 2 sensitivity of Fe 2+ at near-neutral pH, rapid oxidation of adsorbed and dissolved Fe 2+, hydrolysis of Fe 3+, and precipitation of Fe( III)-(oxyhydr)oxides may occur. This results in the release of protons, explaining the observed decrease of suspension pH. Chlorite group includes a wide variety of similar minerals with considerable chemical variation. [21] Weaver, R. (2003). "Rediscovering polarized light microscopy" (PDF). American Laboratory. 35 (20): 55–61 . Retrieved 20 September 2021. J. B. Dixon, S. B. Weed and R. C. Dinauer, Minerals in soil environments, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wis., USA, 2nd edn, 1989 Search PubMed .

Abstract

A. Neumann, T. B. Hofstetter, M. Skarpeli-Liati and R. P. Schwarzenbach, Reduction of polychlorinated ethanes and carbon tetrachloride by structural Fe(II) in smectites, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2009, 43, 4082–4089 CrossRef CAS PubMed . The chips themselves are quite expressive, delightful pieces. They have a nice heft and come in various denominations (1s, 5s, 10s, 20s, 50s, 100s, 500s, 2000s, depending on the set). The paisley pattern enveloping these chips is quite impressive with a modest, if somewhat understated, two-tone color scheme—they aren’t loud compared to what you’d find on the Vegas strip—they serve a purpose even if they are quite reserved, but they do so with a touch of class. These are, in my opinion, very good markers, and if you are set on one piece of kit to overrule any cardboard counter or money token, these are your best bet.

And that’s where upgrades like these beauties prove their worth! Swapping out cardboard for acrylic, plastic for wood…..Meeples, minis……there are eleventy billion ways to bling out box contents. But often those relate to a specific game. Iron Clays, however, are not confined to one box, one series, or even publisher. These sit in sleek plastic storage trays, with an ornate decorated box. These have shelf presence galore, when you’re not playing with them! And talking of which, you shouldn’t feel restricted to only using these Iron Clays for use with Brass. They function as excellent components for any tabletop game, or poker night.Hodges, S.C. (2010). "Soil fertility basics" (PDF). Soil Science Extension, North Carolina State University . Retrieved 8 December 2020. D. E. Latta, A. Neumann, W. A. P. J. Premaratne and M. M. Scherer, Fe(II)-Fe(III) electron transfer in a clay mineral with low Fe content, ACS Earth and Space Chem, 2017, 1, 197–208 CrossRef CAS . Murad, Enver (1998). "Clays and clay minerals: What can Mössbauer spectroscopy do to help understand them?". Hyperfine Interactions. 117 (1/4): 39–70. doi: 10.1023/A:1012635124874. S2CID 93607974.

For all oxic sorption samples, the position of the Fe K-edge was at 7127 eV ( Fig. 2), which corresponds to the oxidation state Fe( III) and is in line with Mössbauer data ( Fig. 2). Linear combination fitting (LCF) results for Fe K-edge EXAFS spectra are presented in Fig. 4 (also Tables S11 and S12 †). Oxidized sorption samples were well described ( R-factor < 2%) with 3 reference compounds: ferrihydrite (45–60%), Fe( III)-containing phyllosilicates (24–36%), and lepidocrocite (13–19%). Essentially, all oxic sorption samples transformed into the same secondary phases regardless of their equilibration conditions (pH, Fe concentration) and time (1 or 30 days) under anoxic conditions (Tables S11 and 12 †). Parts of the Fe( III)-containing phyllosilicates that have already formed under anoxic conditions were not affected by oxidation and remained as secondary phase after aeration. It was observed that the fraction of lepidocrocite formed was significantly lower for low Fe-loading samples compared to high Fe-loading samples. Wall M (12 March 2013). "Mars Could Once Have Supported Life: What You Need to Know". Space.com . Retrieved 12 March 2013. a b c d Nesse, William D. (2000). Introduction to mineralogy. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.252–257. ISBN 9780195106916. They come in 40mm diameters and have a hefty 14 grams a piece, plus readability is superb as these have a clear and bold font used without a monetary denomination. It’s a small detail, but some folks would be annoyed if they had a money value when these chips are used as damage tokens or counters. Good on BGG for thinking more about what a board game player might want out of a poker chip. To top it off, these have a vibrant color palate. Reds flourish, blues go deep, the whites pop against the orange flair of the edge spots. These are far more expressive compared to Roxley’s offerings which could be a good thing in your eyes. I would say that I’m a fan of both Iron Clays’ dress up and BGG’s version of what a poker chip should look like. Your milage may vary, but overall these chips are more than serviceable.

Features

R. Dähn, A. M. Scheidegger, A. Manceau, M. L. Schlegel, B. Baeyens, M. H. Bradbury and M. Morales, Neoformation of Ni phyllosilicate upon Ni uptake on montmorillonite: A kinetics study by powder and polarized extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2002, 66, 2335–2347 CrossRef . Chang K (12 March 2013). "Mars Could Once Have Supported Life, NASA Says". The New York Times . Retrieved 12 March 2013. Mitchell, James Kenneth, 1930–Fundamentals of soil behavior /James K. Mitchell, Kenichi Soga.—3rd ed. p/85-100 In the XAS samples, the sorbed fraction of Fe 2+ was higher at pH ∼8 than at pH ∼7 (Table S2 †). The amount of sorbed Fe 2+ also slightly increased with increasing equilibration time from day 1 to 30 (Table S2 and Fig. S3 †), e.g., by 0.02 mol Fe per kg clay at pH 7. This observation is consistent with findings by Zhu et al., 34 who observed an increase in Fe 2+ sorption to Syn-1 during 5 days at pH 7.5. Such increases of Fe 2+ sorption suggest that slow sorption processes were taking place. Possible mechanisms explaining slow sorption kinetics include dissolution and precipitation reactions on surfaces. 35–44 It’s not just those frilly traits, though. These counters also have a nice weight to them, without spilling over into hefty annoyance. At 9.5 grams a chip, these markers are splendid to hold and maneuver. They’re also an easier carry when traveling, although this applies to the 100 count version. They are sold in 200 and 400 options, too, but those get ridiculously large and heavy to lug around, less you desire a misaligned spine of some capacity. Lastly, I appreciate the clear distinction of the pattern of the marker and the inlay depicting the value of the chip. This is a small detail since you’ll be counting a chip based on its color rather than the printed denomination, but for players first encountering these markers, it makes it a breeze to learn the value of these fellas.