and dichromate (Cr 2O 7 2−) anions are the principal ions at this oxidation state. They exist at an equilibrium, determined by pH:

C. Geffroy, E. Grana, T. Bessho, S. Almosni, Z. Tang, A. Sharma, T. Kinoshita, F. Awai, E. Cloutet, T. Toupance, H. Segawa and G. Hadziioannou, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2020, 3, 1393–1401 CrossRef CAS. S. Karak, C. Nanjo, M. Odaka, K. Yuyama, G. Masuda, M. M. Matsushita and K. Awaga, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016, 4, 9019–9028 RSC. Gumerova, Nadiia I.; Roller, Alexander; Giester, Gerald; Krzystek, J.; Cano, Joan; Rompel, Annette (19 February 2020). "Incorporation of CrIII into a Keggin Polyoxometalate as a Chemical Strategy to Stabilize a Labile {CrIIIO4} Tetrahedral Conformation and Promote Unattended Single-Ion Magnet Properties". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 142 (7): 3336–3339. doi: 10.1021/jacs.9b12797. ISSN 0002-7863. PMC 7052816. PMID 31967803. Top Rap Songs Chart – April 23, 1994". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 30, 2018 . Retrieved April 22, 2019. In 2010, the Environmental Working Group studied the drinking water in 35 American cities in the first nationwide study. The study found measurable hexavalent chromium in the tap water of 31 of the cities sampled, with Norman, Oklahoma, at the top of list; 25 cities had levels that exceeded California's proposed limit. [148]

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that can be made by reducing chromium(III) chloride with zinc. The resulting bright blue solution created from dissolving chromium(II) chloride is stable at neutral pH. [18] Some other notable chromium(II) compounds include chromium(II) oxide CrO, and chromium(II) sulfate CrSO British single certifications – Wu Tang Clan – C.R.E.A.M." British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 5, 2023. C. Cai, Y. Teng, J.-H. Wu, J.-Y. Li, H.-Y. Chen, J.-H. Chen and D.-B. Kuang, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2020, 30, 2001478 CrossRef CAS. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India W. Chen, H. Liu, R. Fan, P. Wang, T. Sun and Y. Yang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12, 9851–9857 CrossRef CAS PubMed.

Chromium oxides are also used as a green pigment in the field of glassmaking and also as a glaze for ceramics. [72] Green chromium oxide is extremely lightfast and as such is used in cladding coatings. It is also the main ingredient in infrared reflecting paints, used by the armed forces to paint vehicles and to give them the same infrared reflectance as green leaves. [73] Other uses [ edit ] Red crystal of a ruby laser Chromium is also famous for its reflective, metallic luster when polished. It is used as a protective and decorative coating on car parts, plumbing fixtures, furniture parts and many other items, usually applied by electroplating. Chromium was used for electroplating as early as 1848, but this use only became widespread with the development of an improved process in 1924. [56] Production [ edit ] Piece of chromium produced with aluminothermic reaction World production trend of chromium Chromium, remelted in a horizontal arc zone-refiner, showing large visible crystal grainsY. Zhang, M. Xia, M. Li, Q. Ping, Z. Yuan, X. Liu, H. Yin, S. Huang and Y. Rao, J. Org. Chem., 2021, 86, 15284–15297 CrossRef CAS PubMed. Sodium chromate is produced industrially by the oxidative roasting of chromite ore with sodium carbonate. The change in equilibrium is visible by a change from yellow (chromate) to orange (dichromate), such as when an acid is added to a neutral solution of potassium chromate. At yet lower pH values, further condensation to more complex oxyanions of chromium is possible. M. Deepa, M. Salado, L. Calio, S. Kazim, S. M. Shivaprasad and S. Ahmad, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2017, 19, 4069–4077 RSC. Singh, Amrit (September 29, 2008). "VH1's 100 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs". Stereogum. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018 . Retrieved April 20, 2019.

G. M. Ziarani, P. Ghlamzadeh, A. Badiei, S. H. Asadi and A. A. Soorki, J. Chil. Chem. Soc., 2015, 60, 2975–2978 CrossRef CAS. Balz, C. et al. Quantum spin chain as a potential realization of the Nersesyan–Tsvelik model. Phys. Rev. B 90, 060409 (2014). C.R.E.A.M. (Cash Rules Everything Around Me)" [Cassette Single] – Wu-Tang Clan". AllMusic. Archived from the original on January 19, 2020 . Retrieved January 19, 2020. Yaouanc, A. & Dalmas de Rotier, P. Muon Spin Rotation, Relaxation and Resonance (Oxford Univ. Press, 2011). The 50 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. December 5, 2012 . Retrieved April 20, 2019.M. Dang, Q.-L. Deng, G.-Z. Fang, D.-D. Zhang, H.-J. Li, J.-M. Liu and S. Wang, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2018, 530, 302–311 CrossRef CAS. X. Feng, H. Ju, T. Song, T. Fang, W. Liu and W. Huang, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2019, 7, 5152–5156 CrossRef CAS. K. Ariga, A. Vinu, Y. Yamauchi, Q. Ji and J. P. Hill, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 2012, 85, 1–11 CrossRef CAS. Compounds of chromium(IV) are slightly more common than those of chromium(V). The tetrahalides, CrF 4, CrCl 4, and CrBr 4, can be produced by treating the trihalides ( CrX