Emam, Moataz (2021). Covariant Physics: From Classical Mechanics to General Relativity and Beyond. Oxford University Press. pp.208–246. ISBN 978-0-19-886489-9. The term "Big Bang" is an unfortunate misnomer. It implies an "explosion," and explosions are events that happen in space. This is incorrect; the term describes the first instant in the expansion of space itself. Some would even interpret it as the very beginning of the universe, evolving from "nothing." It is hard to imagine exactly what it was, but an explosion it most definitely wasn't. The flatness problem (also known as the oldness problem) is an observational problem associated with a FLRW. [131] The universe may have positive, negative, or zero spatial curvature depending on its total energy density. Curvature is negative if its density is less than the critical density; positive if greater; and zero at the critical density, in which case space is said to be flat. Observations indicate the universe is consistent with being flat. [133] [134] Kaley Cuoco Sweeting (Penny): It’s like a theme park walking onstage. I’ve spent a lot of time in that living room set, so I know a lot of the stuff in there – I like how the prop department lines the hallways with all the things we’ve used. It puts me in the mood when I’m here at work.

The Big Bang Theory: The Complete Series [DVD] [2007] [2020]

Brane cosmology models, in which inflation is due to the movement of branes in string theory; the pre-Big Bang model; the ekpyrotic model, in which the Big Bang is the result of a collision between branes; and the cyclic model, a variant of the ekpyrotic model in which collisions occur periodically. In the latter model the Big Bang was preceded by a Big Crunch and the universe cycles from one process to the other. [150] [151] [152] [153] Clavin, Whitney; Jenkins, Ann; Villard, Ray (7 January 2014). "NASA's Hubble and Spitzer Team up to Probe Faraway Galaxies". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: NASA. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019 . Retrieved 8 January 2014. As the series ended, the cast had their footprints placed in front of the Chinese Theater. Opening Theme - History of Everything Main article: The History of Everything

When the third season premiered on September 21, 2009, it ranked as CBS's highest-rated show of that evening in the adults 18–49 demographic (4.6/10), along with a then series-high 12.83 million viewers. Emergent Universe models, which feature a low-activity past-eternal era before the Big Bang, resembling ancient ideas of a cosmic egg and birth of the world out of primordial chaos. The recession speeds associated with Hubble's law are not velocities in a relativistic sense (for example, they are not related to the spatial components of 4-velocities). Therefore, it is not remarkable that according to Hubble's law, galaxies farther than the Hubble distance recede faster than the speed of light. Such recession speeds do not correspond to faster-than-light travel.

Secrets from the set of ‘Big Bang Theory’ - CNN Secrets from the set of ‘Big Bang Theory’ - CNN

It's not impossible, so I think there's still certainly research that needs to be done. But most models of inflation do lead to a multiverse, and evidence for inflation will be pushing us in the direction of taking [the idea of a] multiverse seriously." A few minutes into the expansion, when the temperature was about a billion kelvin and the density of matter in the universe was comparable to the current density of Earth's atmosphere, neutrons combined with protons to form the universe's deuterium and helium nuclei in a process called Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). [34] Most protons remained uncombined as hydrogen nuclei. [35] Overbye, Dennis (15 April 2020). "Why The Big Bang Produced Something Rather Than Nothing – How did matter gain the edge over antimatter in the early universe? Maybe, just maybe, neutrinos". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020 . Retrieved 16 April 2020.

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a b Mitton 2011, p. 129: "To create a picture in the mind of the listener, Hoyle had likened the explosive theory of the universe's origin to a 'big bang'." The Big Bang models developed from observations of the structure of the universe and from theoretical considerations. In 1912, Vesto Slipher measured the first Doppler shift of a " spiral nebula" (spiral nebula is the obsolete term for spiral galaxies), and soon discovered that almost all such nebulae were receding from Earth. He did not grasp the cosmological implications of this fact, and indeed at the time it was highly controversial whether or not these nebulae were "island universes" outside our Milky Way. [56] [57] Ten years later, Alexander Friedmann, a Russian cosmologist and mathematician, derived the Friedmann equations from the Einstein field equations, showing that the universe might be expanding in contrast to the static universe model advocated by Albert Einstein at that time. [58] On April 30, 2019, production of The Big Bang Theory ceased with the taping of the final episode. The last one was not filmed before a lived audience partly due to the emotional impact on the actors as they finished twelve years of working together. Before observations of dark energy, cosmologists considered two scenarios for the future of the universe. If the mass density of the universe were greater than the critical density, then the universe would reach a maximum size and then begin to collapse. It would become denser and hotter again, ending with a state similar to that in which it started—a Big Crunch. [16]

Big Bang Theory - BBC The expanding Universe - AQA Big Bang Theory - BBC

Appolloni, Simon (17 June 2011). " 'Repugnant', 'Not Repugnant at All': How the Respective Epistemic Attitudes of Georges Lemaitre and Sir Arthur Eddington Influenced How Each Approached the Idea of a Beginning of the Universe". IBSU Scientific Journal. 5 (1): 19–44. Independent lines of evidence from Type Ia supernovae and the CMB imply that the universe today is dominated by a mysterious form of energy known as dark energy, which appears to homogeneously permeate all of space. Observations suggest that 73% of the total energy density of the present day universe is in this form. When the universe was very young it was likely infused with dark energy, but with everything closer together, gravity predominated, braking the expansion. Eventually, after billions of years of expansion, the declining density of matter relative to the density of dark energy allowed the expansion of the universe to begin to accelerate. [9] Running for 279 episodes over 12 seasons, the show "The Big Bang Theory" followed the lives of a group of scientists, which included physicists, astrophysicists and aerospace engineers. The show explores the group's nerdy friendships, romances and squabbles. Its first season premiered on Sept. 24, 2007, and the show officially ended on May 16, 2019. Sadoulet, Bernard; etal. "Direct Searches for Dark Matter" (PDF). Astro2010: The Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey (white paper). Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press on behalf of the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences. OCLC 850950122. Archived from the original on 13 April 2009 . Retrieved 8 December 2019. After World War II, two distinct possibilities emerged. One was Fred Hoyle's steady-state model, whereby new matter would be created as the universe seemed to expand. In this model the universe is roughly the same at any point in time. [71] The other was Lemaître's Big Bang theory, advocated and developed by George Gamow, who introduced BBN [72] and whose associates, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, predicted the CMB. [73] Ironically, it was Hoyle who coined the phrase that came to be applied to Lemaître's theory, referring to it as "this big bang idea" during a BBC Radio broadcast in March 1949. [48] [43] [notes 3] For a while, support was split between these two theories. Eventually, the observational evidence, most notably from radio source counts, began to favor Big Bang over steady state. The discovery and confirmation of the CMB in 1964 secured the Big Bang as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. [74]

The three-disc box set includes all 23 episodes. Special features include " Set Tour with Simon and Kunal", an inside look on the third season and a gag reel. Running Time: 374 minutes. Physicist to stars real life-physicist/UCLA professor David Saltzberg's consulting relationship to the show Lemaître, Abbé Georges (24 October 1931). "Contributions to a British Association Discussion on the Evolution of the Universe". Nature. 128 (3234): 704–706. Bibcode: 1931Natur.128..704L. doi: 10.1038/128704a0. S2CID 4028196.